Effect of processing on the air void system of 3D printed concrete

The long-term performance of 3D printed concrete structures involves various durability issues, and in this study, we are focusing on frost damage. This can be a serious issue cold places like Switzerland may particularly problematic for owing to the likely presence joints. printing often processing steps such as pumping, set acceleration extrusion, present work, consider effect these conditions air void system. It was found that pumping extrusion processes significantly change structure while or higher setting rates stabilize them, latter ensuring protection from also seen after cast samples have very comparable systems spatial distribution voids, implying no clear impact interfaces latter.